This session aims to review and assess government policies and private-sector initiatives in Korea and Japan designed to address low fertility. Participants will examine policy measures such as childcare support, work–life balance systems, and community-based initiatives, evaluating their outcomes and limitations. The discussion will also explore concrete avenues for bilateral cooperation in overcoming demographic challenges. In particular, the Korean side will present perspectives on the potential need for constitutional reform to ensure a stable and long-term institutional framework for population policy. Through policy comparison and dialogue, the session seeks to clarify collaborative strategies and strengthen the structural foundation for sustainable demographic responses.