Inequality is a global challenge with profound economic, social, and environmental implications. In this context, the international community agreed to address inequalities by adopting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in September 2015 at a special session of the UN General Assembly. Out of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Goal 10, “to reduce inequality within and among countries,” has been mainstreamed across the 2030 Agenda. Inequality need not, and should not, become a given reality. Amidst the general trend of increasing income and wealth disparities in many parts of the world, some countries have managed to reduce inequality with targeted policy measures. The Session is designed to discuss the global, political, economic, and social aspects of inequality, taking stock of and building on a variety of discourses on this issue so far.